The History of Labor Day and Its Two Disputed Founders
Labor activists Peter McGuire and Matthew Maguire have both been described as the “father of Labor Day.”
Peter McGuire and Matthew Maguire had much in common. Their last names are obviously similar. They were both passionate activists who fought for American labor rights in the 19th century. They both attended the first Labor Day parade in New York City in 1882. And, more controversially, both men have been described as the father of Labor Day.
A federal holiday since 1894, Labor Day is an annual recognition of the American labor movement and celebration of the economic and social achievements of American workers. Held the first Monday of each September, this year’s holiday is September 4.
Peter McGuire has long been credited with first proposing the idea of Labor Day as a federal holiday in 1882. But this claim has been contested for more than a century, and recently unearthed evidence suggests Maguire—that is, Matthew—is the true founder of the national holiday.
Who Was Peter McGuire?
Peter McGuire, circa 1890
Peter McGuire cofounded the United Brotherhood of Carpenters in 1881 as well as the group that became the American Federation of Labor (AFL). Through these organizations, he helped lead the strikes of 1886 and 1890 that ultimately lead the eight-hour workday.
“McGuire probably did more than anyone else to convince skeptical, locally minded union activists around the country that a national labor federation was not only necessary but also possible,” according to the AFL-CIO. “Without his tireless enthusiasm and practical example, the creation of the AFL and its survival through its early years are practically inconceivable.”
Legend has it McGuire proposed the idea of Labor Day to the New York Central Labor Union on May 12, 1882, suggesting it should be “be celebrated by a street parade which would publicly show the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations,” according to the U.S. Labor Department.
The Peter J. McGuire Memorial and Gravesite in Pennsauken, New Jersey, is included on the National Register of Historic Places. His gravestone and statue are both inscribed with the words “Father of Labor Day,” and each year labor leaders and community members gather there to commemorate the holiday.
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