Our very own Fred Orkin gave the day's presentation. Fred has an engineering background and retired from Baxter Laboratories. A 14 year Rotarian, Fred holds five patents. Fred highlighted three scientific breakthroughs in our lifetimes: - The identification of DNA and its structure is among the most important discoveries of the twentieth century. The genetic instructions of DNA are used in every aspect of all living organisms: growth, development, functioning and reproduction. - Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, invented in 1985 by Kary B. Mullis, allows scientists to make copies of scarce DNA samples. This technique has revolutionized many aspects of current research such as diagnosing genetic defects in human cells. It is also used to link specific persons to samples of blood, saliva or hair by DNA comparison. -CRISPR, invented in 2012, guides small RNA sequences to matching DNA sequences. Once the target DNA is found, an enzyme, Cas9 - produced by the CRISPR system, binds to the DNA, cuts it allowing changes to be incorporated into the gene. The editing of a gene using this technique is the future of medicine because a defective genes can be replaced. The F.D.A. first approved of this technique last year. The ethical use of this technology will be the major issue of our future. Many Thanks to Bill Siskel and Fred Orkin for their notes! |